🩸 Understanding Hematology: Blood Components & Hemopoiesis
In the realm of medical diagnostics, hematology plays a vital role in identifying, treating, and monitoring blood-related disorders.
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🔍 What is Blood Made Of?
Blood is a specialized connective tissue that circulates throughout the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients while removing waste. On average, an adult body contains 5 to 6 liters of blood.
📊 Blood is composed of:
1. Plasma (55%)
Pale yellow fluid
Contains water, electrolytes, proteins (albumin, globulin, fibrinogen), hormones, and waste products.
2. Formed Elements (45%)
Includes Red Blood Cells (RBCs), White Blood Cells (WBCs), and Platelets.
These are suspended in plasma and produced through a process known as hemopoiesis.
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🔴 Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
Shape: Biconcave, flexible discs without a nucleus.
Function: Carry oxygen using hemoglobin, a red pigment.
Lifespan: ~120 days.
Normal count: 4.5 to 6 million per microliter (μL) of blood.
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⚪ White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
Crucial for immunity and fighting infections.
Two main types:
Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes and Monocytes
Count: 4,000 to 11,000/μL
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🟣 Platelets (Thrombocytes)
Small, irregular cell fragments
Essential for blood clotting (coagulation)
Count: 150,000 to 400,000/μL
Lifespan: 7 to 10 days
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🌱 Hemopoiesis: The Process of Blood Cell Formation
Hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis) is the continuous process through which new blood cells are created from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
📍 Sites of Hemopoiesis:
Life Stage Site of Blood Formation
Early embryo Yolk sac
Mid-fetal stage Liver and spleen
After birth Red bone marrow (main site)
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🔗 Two Major Lineages of Blood Cells:
1. Myeloid Lineage → Gives rise to:
Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Megakaryocytes (Platelets)
Granulocytes (Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils)
Monocytes
2. Lymphoid Lineage → Forms:
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
💡 Growth Factors:
Erythropoietin (EPO) – stimulates RBC production
Thrombopoietin – boosts platelet formation
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) – helps WBC development
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🧪 Lab Practical: Hematology in Action
1️⃣ Sample Collection
Tube type: EDTA (lavender cap)
Site: Median cubital vein (usually in the arm)
Purpose: Prevent clotting for accurate cell counts
2️⃣ Blood Smear Preparation
A thin blood film is made on a slide, stained using Leishman stain, and observed under a microscope to study morphology of cells.
3️⃣ Manual RBC Count (Hemocytometer Method)
Use of Neubauer chamber
Diluting fluid: Hayem’s solution or Gower’s solution
Counted using formula:
RBC Count = (Number of cells × dilution factor × depth) / area
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🧠 100 MCQs on Blood Components & Hemopoiesis
1. Which type of blood cell lacks a nucleus?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Neutrophil
C) Red Blood Cell ✅
D) Monocyte
2. What is the average lifespan of a platelet?
A) 120 days
B) 7–10 days ✅
C) 30 days
D) 1 day
3. Which organ produces erythropoietin?
A) Liver
B) Bone marrow
C) Kidney ✅
D) Spleen
4. What is the shape of an RBC?
A) Oval
B) Round
C) Biconcave ✅
D) Irregular
5. Which component helps in blood clotting?
A) Plasma
B) WBC
C) Platelet ✅
D) Hemoglobin
6. Which blood component has the shortest lifespan?
A) Neutrophils ✅
B) RBC
C) Monocyte
D) Platelet
7. In adults, hematopoiesis occurs mainly in:
A) Spleen
B) Liver
C) Yellow bone marrow
D) Red bone marrow ✅
8. Which is not a granulocyte?
A) Eosinophil
B) Basophil
C) Neutrophil
D) Monocyte ✅
9. Plasma makes up what percentage of total blood volume?
A) 35%
B) 45%
C) 55% ✅
D) 65%
10. Which component o
f blood fights infection?
A) Platelets
B) WBC ✅
C) RBC
D) Plasma
11. Which WBC type is most abundant in blood?
A) Basophil
B) Monocyte
C) Neutrophil ✅
D) Eosinophil
12. Hemoglobin is found in:
A) Platelets
B) WBC
C) RBC ✅
D) Plasma
13. Normal WBC count per μL is:
A) 1,000–3,000
B) 4,000–11,000 ✅
C) 12,000–18,000
D) 15,000–25,000
14. Basophils are responsible for releasing:
A) Histamine ✅
B) Insulin
C) Hemoglobin
D) Antibodies
15. Which blood cell performs phagocytosis?
A) Platelet
B) Monocyte ✅
C) RBC
D) B lymphocyte
16. Platelets are fragments of which cell?
A) Erythroblast
B) Megakaryocyte ✅
C) Myeloblast
D) Lymphoblast
17. Leishman stain is used to visualize:
A) Bacteria
B) Blood cells ✅
C) Muscle fibers
D) Proteins
18. Reticulocytes are immature forms of:
A) Platelets
B) RBC ✅
C) Neutrophils
D) Lymphocytes
19. Normal reticulocyte count in adults:
A) 0–0.5%
B) 0.5–2.5% ✅
C) 3–5%
D) 6–8%
20. Main function of eosinophils:
A) Blood clotting
B) Kill parasites ✅
C) Carry oxygen
D) Produce insulin
21. Lymphocytes are involved in:
A) Oxygen transport
B) Phagocytosis
C) Immune response ✅
D) Clotting
22. Hematocrit measures:
A) Platelet %
B) WBC %
C) RBC volume % ✅
D) Plasma protein level
23. Myeloid lineage does NOT produce:
A) RBC
B) Platelet
C) Lymphocyte ✅
D) Monocyte
24. Which granulocyte has bilobed nucleus and red granules?
A) Basophil
B) Eosinophil ✅
C) Neutrophil
D) Monocyte
25. Yellow bone marrow contains mainly:
A) RBC
B) WBC
C) Fat ✅
D) Lymphocytes
26. Hypoxia stimulates production of:
A) Insulin
B) Erythropoietin ✅
C) Renin
D) Estrogen
27. Plasma without clotting factors is called:
A) Serum ✅
B) Lymph
C) Platelet fluid
D) Filtrate
28. Lifespan of neutrophil is about:
A) 1 hour
B) 1–2 days ✅
C) 5 days
D) 20 days
29. Which is an agranulocyte?
A) Neutrophil
B) Monocyte ✅
C) Eosinophil
D) Basophil
30. Most active phagocyte among WBCs:
A) Neutrophil ✅
B) Basophil
C) Platelet
D) Eosinophil
31. Primary lymphoid organs include:
A) Lymph nodes
B) Spleen
C) Thymus ✅
D) Tonsils
32. Which cell is known as "big eater"?
A) Lymphocyte
B) Monocyte ✅
C) Eosinophil
D) Platelet
33. Blood cell formation begins in:
A) Heart
B) Lungs
C) Bone marrow ✅
D) Liver
34. Hemoglobin carries:
A) CO2 only
B) Oxygen only
C) Oxygen and CO2 ✅
D) Plasma
35. Methylene blue is a type of:
A) Basic dye ✅
B) Acidic dye
C) Neutral dye
D) Fluorescent dye
36. Anisocytosis refers to variation in:
A) RBC shape
B) WBC type
C) RBC size ✅
D) Platelet number
37. First site of blood formation in embryo:
A) Bone marrow
B) Liver
C) Yolk sac ✅
D) Spleen
38. Main function of plasma:
A) Transport gas
B) Immunity
C) Nutrient transport ✅
D) Phagoc
ytosis
39. Hematology analyzer measures:
A) Blood gases
B) Serum glucose
C) Complete blood count ✅
D) Clotting time
40. Leucopenia means:
A) Low RBC
B) Low platelet
C) Low WBC ✅
D) High WBC
41. Hemopoiesis in the fetus mainly occurs in the:
A) Thymus
B) Liver ✅
C) Bone marrow
D) Kidney
42. Which WBC increases in allergic reactions?
A) Basophil ✅
B) Neutrophil
C) Monocyte
D) Lymphocyte
43. Howell-Jolly bodies are remnants seen in:
A) Neutrophils
B) RBCs ✅
C) Platelets
D) Lymphocytes
44. A normal adult has about how many liters of blood?
A) 2–3 L
B) 3–4 L
C) 5–6 L ✅
D) 7–8 L
45. The iron-containing part of hemoglobin is:
A) Globin
B) Heme ✅
C) Ferritin
D) Bilirubin
46. Hematopoietic stem cells are:
A) Unipotent
B) Pluripotent ✅
C) Differentiated
D) Anucleated
47. Which cell produces antibodies?
A) Monocyte
B) Platelet
C) Plasma cell ✅
D) Neutrophil
48. Which dye is used in reticulocyte staining?
A) Giemsa
B) Methylene blue ✅
C) Eosin
D) Leishman
49. What is the normal range of platelets per microliter?
A) 50,000–100,000
B) 1,00,000–1,50,000
C) 1,50,000–4,00,000 ✅
D) 5,00,000–6,00,000
50. Which WBC type has multilobed nucleus?
A) Eosinophil
B) Neutrophil ✅
C) Basophil
D) Lymphocyte
51. Clotting factor I is also called:
A) Thrombin
B) Prothrombin
C) Fibrinogen ✅
D) Calcium
52. Blood pH is:
A) 6.8
B) 7.0
C) 7.4 ✅
D) 8.0
53. Serum is obtained after:
A) Centrifuging whole blood
B) Clotting of blood ✅
C) Adding EDTA
D) Mixing with saline
54. Which test measures % volume of RBC in blood?
A) TLC
B) Hemoglobin
C) Hematocrit ✅
D) ESR
55. The "graveyard" of RBCs is:
A) Bone marrow
B) Spleen ✅
C) Liver
D) Lymph node
56. Which vitamin is required for RBC production?
A) B6
B) B9
C) B12 ✅
D) K
57. Main protein in plasma is:
A) Globulin
B) Albumin ✅
C) Fibrinogen
D) Hemoglobin
58. Which test measures the speed of RBC settling?
A) TLC
B) ESR ✅
C) Hematocrit
D) Clotting time
59. Agranulocytes include:
A) Basophils
B) Neutrophils
C) Lymphocytes ✅
D) Eosinophils
60. Red color of blood is due to:
A) Oxygen
B) Iron
C) Hemoglobin ✅
D) Albumin
61. Which hormone stimulates WBC production?
A) Renin
B) GM-CSF ✅
C) Erythropoietin
D) Estrogen
62. Shape of platelet:
A) Biconcave
B) Spindle
C) Irregular disc ✅
D) Oval
63. Largest blood cell:
A) RBC
B) Neutrophil
C) Monocyte ✅
D) Eosinophil
64. Blood cells develop from:
A) Muscle cells
B) Stem cells ✅
C) Epithelial cells
D) Fat cells
65. Which is a primary lymphoid organ?
A) Lymph node
B) Tonsil
C) Thymus ✅
D) Appendix
66. Which is not part of formed elements?
A) RBC
B) WBC
C) Platelets
D) Plasma ✅
67. Blue cytoplasm is seen in:
A) Neutrophil
B) Monocyte
C) Reticulocyte ✅
D) Platelet
68. Buffy coat contains:
A) RBC
B) WBC and platelets ✅
C) Plasma
D) Hemoglobin
69. Anticoagulant used in hematology:
A) Heparin
B) EDTA ✅
C) Fluoride
D) Sodium citrate
70. Platelet function is assessed by:
A) PT
B) BT ✅
C) ESR
D) TLC
71. Main function of hemoglobin:
A) Clotting
B) Carry oxygen ✅
C) Digestion
D) Immunity
72. Which dye is acidic?
A) Eosin ✅
B) Methylene blue
C) Leishman
D) Giemsa
73. Leishman stain contains:
A) Methylene blue & eosin ✅
B) Hematoxylin only
C) Giemsa & methylene blue
D) Crystal violet
74. Total leukocyte count is done using:
A) RBC pipette
B) WBC pipette ✅
C) Capillary tube
D) ESR tube
75. Basophils stain with:
A) Acid dyes
B) Basic dyes ✅
C) Neutral dyes
D) No dye
76. Atypical lymphocytes are seen in:
A) Typhoid
B) Malaria
C) Infectious mononucleosis ✅
D) Tuberculosis
77. Which cell acts as antigen-presenting?
A) Platelet
B) Neutrophil
C) Dendritic cell ✅
D) RBC
78. Blood storage anticoagulant:
A) Heparin
B) CPDA ✅
C) EDTA
D) Fluoride
79. Which parameter is NOT in CBC?
A) Hemoglobin
B) Platelet count
C) WBC
D) Glucose ✅
80. Howell-Jolly bodies indicate:
A) Liver disease
B) Spleen dysfunction ✅
C) Kidney failure
D) Hemophilia
81. Hypersegmented neutrophils indicate:
A) Vitamin C deficiency
B) Vitamin B12 deficiency ✅
C) Iron excess
D) Dehydration
82. Primary function of albumin:
A) Clotting
B) Osmotic pressure maintenance ✅
C) Immunity
D) Oxygen transport
83. Rouleaux formation is common in:
A) Typhoid
B) Multiple myeloma ✅
C) Anemia
D) Hemophilia
84. Which cell has kidney-shaped nucleus?
A) Neutrophil
B) Monocyte ✅
C) Eosinophil
D) Lymphocyte
85. Increased ESR is seen in:
A) Malaria
B) Anemia
C) Inflammation ✅
D) Hypoxia
86. Clotting factor IV is:
A) Calcium ✅
B) Thrombin
C) Prothrombin
D) Fibrinogen
87. Which cell is most radiosensitive?
A) Lymphocyte ✅
B) Monocyte
C) Neutrophil
D) Platelet
88. Blood cell production in disease shifts to:
A) Brain
B) Liver & spleen ✅
C) Lungs
D) Pancreas
89. Hyperchromic RBCs have:
A) Less hemoglobin
B) More hemoglobin ✅
C) No hemoglobin
D) Extra nucleus
90. Which cell forms pus?
A) Neutrophil ✅
B) Monocyte
C) Lymphocyte
D) Platelet
91. Normal Hemoglobin level in males:
A) 8–10 g/dL
B) 10–12 g/dL
C) 13–17 g/dL ✅
D) 18–22 g/dL
92. Largest organ for blood cell destruction:
A) Liver
B) Kidney
C) Spleen ✅
D) Bone
93. Which test needs anticoagulated blood?
A) ESR
B) WBC count ✅
C) Serum creatinine
D) Blood culture
94. Which count helps in detecting infection?
A) RBC
B) WBC ✅
C) Platelet
D) Hematocrit
95. Which cell gives rise to RBCs?
A) Myeloblast
B) Erythroblast ✅
C) Lymphoblast
D) Megakaryocyte
96. Microcytic hypochromic anemia is due to:
A) B12 deficiency
B) Iron deficiency ✅
C) Folic acid excess
D) Malaria
97. Nucleus of lymphocyte is:
A) Central and round ✅
B) Multilobed
C) Horse shoe-shaped
D) Absent
98. ESR is increased in:
A) Infection ✅
B) Dehydration
C) Polycythemia
D) Hemolysis
99. Fibrinogen is important for:
A) Oxygen transport
B) Clot formation ✅
C) RBC production
D) ESR
100. Reticulocyte count helps in:
A) Diagnosing leukemia
B) Evaluating bone marrow activity ✅
C) Detecting parasites
D) Measuring blood sugar
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